Privacy Policy

At Dog Furiendly, we are committed to maintaining trust and confidence with everyone who visits the website and takes part in our community. In this Privacy Policy, you will find detailed information on what information is collected about you, why we collect it and what we do with it. Grab a cuppa, a couple of treats for your pooch and read on.

If you have any questions in relation to this Privacy Policy, including any requests to exercise your rights, please contact [email protected] 

TERMINOLOGY

When you are using our website, Dog Furiendly is the data controller (referred to as “The Service”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us” in this privacy notice. When we refer to our website we mean our website(s) at https://dogfuriendly.com.

“User”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person or business organisation using the Services. Registered users to be referred to as “Account Holders”. If you are using the Service to represent a business organisation or other legal entity, the words “you” and “your” shall also refer to such entity. 

“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the User and ourselves, or either the User or ourselves.

The content you are contributing, submitting, transmitting and/or posting to or through the Services is referred to as “Your Content”.

Any use of the above terminology or other words in the singular, plural, capitalisation and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable and therefore as referring to the same.

CHANGES TO THE POLICY 

Our business changes constantly and our privacy policy will change with it. You should check the website from time to time to see recent changes. The revised privacy policy will be effective when published. We’ll post any changes we make to our privacy notice on this page and, if they’re significant changes, we’ll let you know by email. 

This Privacy Policy was last updated on the 28th July 2020.

OVERVIEW

Our policy complies with UK law accordingly, including the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). As we expand to other countries, the Privacy Policy will be updated to comply with the relevant laws. We’ll post any changes on this page and, if they’re significant to your country, we’ll let you know by email.

This Privacy Policy sets out the conditions under which we may process any information that we collect from you, or that you provide to us. It covers information that could identify you (“personal information”) and information that could not. In the context of the law and this notice, “process” means to collect, store, transfer, use or otherwise act on information.

We take the protection of your privacy and confidentiality seriously. We understand that all visitors to our website are entitled to know what personal data we hold and to trust that your data is protected. Your data will not be used for any purpose unintended and will not accidentally fall into the hands of a third party. We preserve the confidentiality of all information you provide to us.

Except as set out below in section 4, we do not share, or sell, or disclose to a third party, any information collected through our website, without explicit consent.

If there are one or more points below with which you are not happy with, you may exercise your rights as laid out within the policy by emailing [email protected] or leave our website immediately.

1. YOUR INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
2. COLLECTION OF YOUR PERSONAL DATA
3. HOW WE PROCESS YOUR PERSONAL DATA
4. WHO WE SHARE YOUR DATA WITH
5. INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THIRD PARTIES
6. COOKIES AND AUTOMATED SYSTEMS
7. HOW WE PROTECT YOUR INFORMATION
8. HOW TO COMPLAIN
9. OTHER MATTERS

1. YOUR INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

The data protection law changed on the 25th May 2018 across the United Kingdom and across Europe. Under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) all of your data is protected by law. You can read more about your rights in detail here. 

You have a right to:

• Access or to get a copy of any personal data we hold about you
• Make us correct inaccurate data about you
• Object to us using your data for marketing communications
• Withdraw any specific consent or permission you’ve previously given us
• Ask us to delete your data if:
  • The processing of your personal data is based on consent and no other legal ground exists then you may withdraw your consent;
  • Your personal data is no longer necessary for the purposes for which we collected or processed. Your data will be deleted from this point regardless but you may ask to confirm; 
  • You object to the processing of your personal data and we do not have an overriding legitimate ground for processing; 
  • Your personal data is unlawfully processed; 
  • Your personal data has to be deleted for compliance with a legal obligation.

For legal reasons we might not always be able to delete your data. We will comply with your request, unless we have a compelling overriding legitimate interest for processing or we need to continue processing your personal data to establish, exercise or defend a legal claim.

When we receive any request to access, edit or delete personal identifiable information we shall first take reasonable steps to verify your identity before granting you access or otherwise taking any action. This is important to safeguard your information.

What Choices Do I Have? 

Edit Personal Information on your account

You can exercise some of your rights by accessing your account on Dog Furiendly under the ‘profile’ tab. Through this tab, you can add or update your personal information such as name, email address and password. When you update information, we do not keep previous versions of data, your data is replaced by the new information.

Close Your Dog Furiendly Account

You may close your Dog Furiendly account by contacting us or using the methods provided in the Help Centre. If you decide to close your account, we will deactivate it, and remove your personal data permanently. There is no way for Dog Furiendly to be able to retrieve any of this personal information once the account has been deleted. Remember that once your account is closed, you will no longer be able to login and access your account as it no longer exists. You can however, open a new account at any time.

Unsubscribe From Email Marketing

If you don’t want to receive marketing emails or other communications from us, please email us or click the unsubscribe link at the bottom of any emails we send to you. 

Stop In-App Notifications

If you don’t want to receive in-app notifications from us, please adjust your notification settings in the app or your device. 

Stop Browser Notifications

If you don’t want to receive browser notifications from us, please adjust your browser notification settings. Full information to help you unsubscribe from such notifications can be found here. 

Browse Website Anonymously

If you want to browse our websites anonymously, you may do so by logging out of your account and disabling cookies on your browser. Your browser or internet device may allow you to delete, disable, or block certain cookies and other tracking technologies. Please be aware that some features may not be available such as submitting blogs, writing reviews, sending messages and favouriting places. 

Contact Us

To exercise your rights you can file a request by emailing [email protected].

You also have the right to complain to the ICO [www.ico.org.uk] if you feel there is a problem with the way we are handling your data.

2. COLLECTION OF YOUR PERSONAL DATA

Personal data means any information that identifies a person. Data includes, but is not limited to, your name, email address, postal address, phone number, billing information, survey responses and booking details. It also includes other information provided about yourself to our websites, including your IP address and web browser software. 

It does not include data where the identity has been removed or otherwise anonymised (anonymous data). 

Collection Methods:

We collect and process personal data in different ways including:

• When you create an account on Dog Furiendly
• When you become a member of Dog Furiendly 
• When you buy a ticket to an event hosted on Dog Furiendly
• When you buy a product on Dog Furiendly
• When you subscribe to the newsletter 
• When you complete a survey or enter a competition 
• When you download the app 
• When you follow or message us on our social media channels 
• When we use cookies to analyse the quality of our website 

We process your personal data mainly to operate our services and platform, such as

• To open and operate your account, execute transactions, complete orders, authenticate you when your access your account, communicate about account activity;
• To respond to requests, for example, to contact you about a question you submitted to our customer service team or a report you’ve submitted about a dog friendly venue;
• To troubleshoot and improve our services, analyse performance, fix errors, and improve usability and effectiveness of our services;
• To perform checks compliance-related or other to evaluate information provided by you, and compare your information for accuracy and verification purposes;
• To repost images on social media after asking permission;
• To protect our website and applications from fraud or illicit activities by verifying your identity, and helping to detect and prevent fraud and abuse;
• To comply with our legal obligations and to enforce the terms of our services;
• If you agree (for example, as a part of your account creation selecting email opt-in), we can also use your personal data to deliver marketing materials to you or to provide personalised services and experiences, based on your specific preferences.

We may share your Personal Data as described below:

• We will share your relevant personal data and transactional data with banks, payments partners and other financial institutions to help us execute your transactions or participate in the delivery of our joint services to you.
• When you are purchasing our tickets, products and services, we may share your relevant personal and transactional information with any relevant counter-parties involved, for example, with event organisers, partner organisations, merchants and any service providers only for the purpose of fulfilling an order that had been placed.
• We will share your personal information if we need to do so to comply with a law, legal process or regulations, or as a part of mandatory disclosures to law enforcement authorities or other government officials, or other third parties, pursuant to a court order or other legal process;
• We may share your personal data with third-party service providers, including other companies within our group, that perform services and functions for us, for example, as described below:

• When they need to have access to specific information, for example, to fulfil your order, deliver a package to you, send communications to you or otherwise provide a service to you;
• if we believe, in our sole discretion, that the disclosure of personal data is necessary or appropriate to prevent physical harm, or financial loss, or in connection with an investigation of suspected or actual illegal activity;
• with credit agencies and data processors for credit reference checks and anti-fraud and compliance purposes;
• to investigate violations of or enforce the terms of our services, to protect our property or legal rights; and
• to support our audit, compliance, and corporate governance functions.

3. HOW WE PROCESS YOUR PERSONAL DATA

The law requires us to determine under which of six defined bases we process different categories of your personal information, and to notify you of the basis for each category.

If a basis on which we process your personal information is no longer relevant then we shall immediately stop processing your data.

If the basis changes then if required by law we shall notify you of the change and of any new basis under which we have determined that we can continue to process your information.

To summarise, we will only use your personal data in the following circumstances: 

• Where we need to perform the contract we are about to enter into or have entered into with you. 
• With your consent. 
• Where it is necessary for our legitimate interests (or those of a third party) and your interests and fundamental rights do not override those interests.
• Where we need to comply with a legal or regulatory obligation.

1. Information we process because we have a contractual obligation with you

When you create an account on our website, buy an event ticket, product or service from us, or otherwise agree to our terms and conditions, a contract is formed between you and us.

In order to carry out our obligations under that contract we must process the information you give us.

We will collect personal information including (but not limited to) your name, email address, postal address and telephone number so that we can contact you about your account, listing on our directory and any other products and services that we have from time to time agreed to provide to you and/or your business;

We may use it in order to:

• Provide you with our services
• To complete any transactions you have agreed to
• Provide you with suggestions and advice on how to obtain the most from using our website

We process this information on the basis there is a contract between us, or that you have requested we use the information before we enter into a legal contract.

Additionally, we may aggregate this information in a general way and use it to provide class information, for example to monitor our performance with respect to a particular service we provide. If we use it for this purpose, you as an individual will not be personally identifiable.

We shall continue to process this information until the contract between us ends or is terminated by either party under the terms of the contract.

2. Information we process with your consent

Through certain actions when otherwise there is no contractual relationship between us, such as when you browse our website or ask us to provide you with more information, including job opportunities, business details and for the purpose of products and services. On this basis, you will be asked to provide your consent in order for us to process information that may be personal information.

Wherever possible, we aim to obtain your explicit consent to process this information, for example, by asking you to agree to our use of cookies.

Sometimes you might give your consent implicitly, such as when you send us a message by e-mail to which you would reasonably expect us to reply.

Except where you have consented to our use of your information for a specific purpose, we do not use your information in any way that would identify you personally. We may aggregate it in a general way and use it to provide class information, for example to monitor the performance of a particular page on our website.

If you have given us explicit permission to do so, we may from time to time pass your name and contact information to selected associates whom we consider may provide services or products you would find useful.

We continue to process your information on this basis until you withdraw your consent or it can be reasonably assumed that your consent no longer exists.

You may withdraw your consent at any time by instructing us [email protected] However, if you do so, you may not be able to use our website or our services further.

3. Information we process for the purposes of legitimate interests

We may process information on the basis there is a legitimate interest, either to you or to us, of doing so.

Where we process your information on this basis, we do after having given careful consideration to:

• whether the same objective could be achieved through other means
• whether processing (or not processing) might cause you harm
• whether you would expect us to process your data, and whether you would, in the round, consider it reasonable to do so

For example, we may process your data on this basis for the purposes of:

• record-keeping for the proper and necessary administration of our Dog Furiendly.
• responding to unsolicited communication from you to which we believe you would expect a response
• protecting and asserting the legal rights of any party
• insuring against or obtaining professional advice that is required to manage Dog Furiendly risk
• protecting your interests where we believe we have a duty to do so

4. Information we process because we have a legal obligation

We are subject to the law like everyone else. Sometimes, we must process your information in order to comply with a statutory obligation.

For example, we may be required to give information to legal authorities if they so request or if they have the proper authorisation such as a search warrant or court order.

This may include your personal information.

4. WHO WE SHARE YOUR DATA WITH

Posting and publishing on the website

Our website is a publishing medium. Anyone may register and then publish information about himself, herself or some other person. Or they may publish information about a dog friendly business.

If you choose to create a profile on Dog Furiendly, certain information in your profile will be publicly viewable and identifiable by clicking your screen name. Our website allows you to post information which may be read, copied, downloaded, or used by other people.

Examples include (but are not limited to):

• posting review on the website
• adding an image on the website
• clicking the like icon next to another visitor’s message to convey your agreement
• adding your own blogs to the website
• commenting on other blogs via the website
• tagging images on social media

We do not moderate or control what is posted.

If you complain about any of the content on our website, we shall investigate your complaint.

If we feel it is justified or if we believe the law requires us to do so, we shall remove the content while we investigate.

Free speech is a fundamental right, so we have to make a judgment as to whose right will be obstructed: yours, or that of the person who posted the content that offends you.

If we think your complaint is vexatious or without any basis, we shall not correspond with you about it. 

You will have the ability to view your profile as members of the public will see it. 

In posting personal information, it is up to you to satisfy yourself about the privacy level of every person who might use it.

• We do not process this information but we do allow it to be displayed or shared as intended.
• We do store this information, and we reserve the right to use it in the future in any way we decide.
• Once your information enters the public domain, we have no control over what any individual third party may do with it. We accept no responsibility for their actions at any time.

Additionally, if you choose to participate in our direct messaging service where other Dog Furiendly members or business owners may contact you; however, Dog Furiendly will never share your email address with any other members nor display it in any public manner. 

Provided your request is reasonable and there is no legal basis for us to retain it, then at our discretion we may agree to your request to delete information that you have posted to the public. You can make a request by contacting us at [email protected]

Third Parties who may have access to personal data include:

Dog Furiendly may share your information with other parties listed below. If we sell or divest any part of our business or merge with another business then your personal data may be shared with the new owner of the business or our merger partner. It is in this case that your data will only be respectively shared for the continuation of the service.

If we are legally obliged to do so, we will share personal data to protect our customers, the site, as well as our company and our rights and property. 

Dog Furiendly listing owners including businesses and brand ambassadors. 

When you message a Dog Furiendly business via the listing, the person who posted the listing may be the business owner or brand ambassador. This person may respond to your message to fulfil your travel information request, to obtain additional information about you or your travel plans, to facilitate your travel bookings or for other purposes which may be taken directly to the business website and is therefore consistent with the practices described in their privacy policies and terms of use. 

Third-party service providers who provide services or functions on our behalf

This includes web analytic applications, payment processing, marketing services, public relations, distribution of surveys and fraud prevention. 

We may also authorise third-party service providers to collect information on our behalf, including, for example, using MailChimp to collect email addresses. Third-party service providers have access to and may collect information only as needed to perform their functions and are not permitted to share or use the information for any other purpose. 

Business partners or official sponsors with whom we may offer marketing campaigns, products or services in conjunction. 

When a third party business partner or sponsor is involved in one of our marketing campaigns, products or services, their name will appear either with ours or separately. There will be an option to provide consent for your personal data to be shared with such third parties. Should you choose to accept this consent, we may share information with those partners, including your name and email address. We do not control the privacy practices of these third-party business partners. 

Business partners vary from time to time on smaller campaigns but they will be explicitly mentioned where data is concerned. 

Official sponsors of Dog Furiendly work with us for an extended period of time (generally on a year-by-year basis) on marketing campaigns, products and services. 

Our Official Sponsors include; 

Burns Pet Nutrition Ltd.

We may also share aggregate or anonymous information with third parties, including advertisers and investors to develop content and services you will find of interest. 

We may share audience segments with third parties (including information brokers) that use that information for tailored advertising. 

Payment Processing

Payment information is never taken directly by us or transferred to us either through our website. We don’t directly have access to it. At the point of payment, you are transferred to a secure page on the website of a secure payment processing system such as PayPal or asked to make a payment via BACs. That page is not controlled by us.

Job application, Explorer application and employment

If you send us information in connection with a job or Explorer application, we may keep it for up to one year in case we decide to contact you at a later date. If your application is unsuccessful and we do not wish to process your application any further we will destroy and delete your data immediately. 

During employment or throughout the Explorer brand ambassador programme, we collect information about you from time to time only for purposes directly associated with the role. After your role has ended, we will keep your file for one years before destroying or deleting it.

Complaints

When we receive a complaint, we record all the information you have given to us.

We use that information to resolve your complaint.

If your complaint reasonably requires us to contact some other person, we may decide to give to that other person some of the information contained in your complaint. We do this as infrequently as possible, but it is a matter for our sole discretion as to whether we do give information, and if we do, what that information is.

We may also compile statistics showing information obtained from this source to assess the level of service we provide, but not in a way that could identify you or any other person.

Other than as set out above, you will be notified when personal data about you will be shared with third parties, and you will have an opportunity to choose not to have us share such information.

5. INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THIRD PARTIES

We can often receive information from our third parties partners. 

The third parties from which we receive information about you can include partner marketing events and other organisations that we have a professional affiliation with. It is also possible that third parties with whom we have had no prior contact may provide us with information about you. 

Information we obtain from third parties will generally be your name and contact details, but will include any additional information about you which they provide to us. Where a third party has passed on information about you to us (such as your name and email address) in order for us to provide services to you, we will process your information in order to take steps at your request to enter into a contract with you and perform a contract with you (as the case may be). 

Consent: where you have asked a third party to share information about you with us and the purpose of sharing that information is not related to the performance of a contract or services by us to you, we will process your information on the basis of your consent, which you give by asking the third party in question to pass on your information to us. 

6. COOKIES AND AUTOMATED SYSTEMS

Cookies

Cookies are small text files that are placed on your computer’s hard drive by your web browser when you visit any website. They allow information gathered on one web page to be stored until it is needed for use on another, allowing a website to provide you with a personalised experience and the website owner with statistics about how you use the website so that it can be improved.

Some cookies are required to enjoy and use the full functionality of this website.

Some cookies may last for a defined period of time, such as one day or until you close your browser. Others last indefinitely.

Your web browser should allow you to delete any you choose. It also should allow you to prevent or limit their use.

Our website uses cookies. They are placed by software that operates on our servers, and by software operated by third parties whose services we use.

When you first visit our website, we ask you whether you wish us to use cookies. If you choose not to accept them, we shall not use them for your visit except to record that you have not consented to their use for any other purpose.

If you choose not to use cookies or you prevent their use through your browser settings, you will not be able to use all the functionality of our website.

We use cookies in the following ways:

• to track how you use our website
• to record whether you have seen specific messages we display on our website
• to keep you signed in our site
• to record your answers to surveys and questionnaires on our site while you complete them
• to record the conversation thread during a live chat with our support team

You can also find out more information about cookies at websites such as www.allaboutcookies.org and www.youronlinechoices.com/uk.

Browser Push Notifications

When you visit our website, you may be asked if you would like to receive in-browser notifications from Dog Furiendly. When you accept, your data is processed and anonymised by a third party provider called One Signal. 

OneSignal, is a third party messaging app provided by Lilomi, Inc. It allows Dog Furiendly to send messages and notifications to users across platforms. This Application uses identifiers and technologies similar to cookies to run the OneSignal service. In order to understand OneSignal’s use of Data, consult OneSignal’s privacy policy.

If you don’t want to receive in-browser notifications from us, please adjust your browser notification settings. Full information to help you unsubscribe from such notifications can be found here.

Personal identifiers from your browsing activity

Requests by your web browser to our servers for web pages and other content on our website are recorded.

We record information such as your geographical location, your Internet service provider and your IP address. We also record information about the software you are using to browse our website, such as the type of computer or device and the screen resolution.

We use this information in aggregate to assess the popularity of the webpages on our website and how we perform in providing content to you.

If combined with other information we know about you from previous visits, the data possibly could be used to identify you personally, even if you are not signed in to our website.

Email Marketing

Under the GDPR we use the consent lawful basis for anyone subscribing to our newsletter or marketing mailing list. We only collect certain data about you, as detailed in the “Processing of your personal date” above. Any email marketing messages we send are done so through an EMS, email marketing service provider. An EMS is a third party service provider of software / applications that allows marketers to send out email marketing campaigns to a list of users.

Email marketing messages that we send may contain tracking beacons / tracked clickable links or similar server technologies in order to track subscriber activity within email marketing messages. Where used, such marketing messages may record a range of data such as; times, dates, I.P addresses, opens, clicks, forwards, geographic and demographic data. Such data, within its limitations will show the activity each subscriber made for that email campaign.

Any email marketing messages we send are in accordance with the GDPR and the PECR. We provide you with an easy method to withdraw your consent (unsubscribe) or manage your preferences / the information we hold about you at any time. See any marketing messages for instructions on how to unsubscribe or manage your preferences, you can also manage your subscription, by following this link, otherwise contact us directly at [email protected].

Our EMS provider is; Mailpoet. We hold the following information about you within our EMS system;

• Email address
• I.P address
• Subscription time & date
• Your name
• Your Dog’s name

Third party advertising on our website

Our website may contain adverts, sponsored and affiliate links on some pages. These are typically served through our advertising partner; Awin. We only use trusted advertising partners who each have high standards of user privacy and security. All affiliate links will be explicitly clear with a disclosure on the pages they are promoted. 

Clickable sponsored or affiliate links may be displayed as a website URL like this; www.dogfuriendly.com or as a titled text link like this: Dog Friendly places in the UK.

For more information on affiliate links and our full disclosure click here.

Clicking on any adverts, sponsored or affiliate links may result in a commission or financial reward for Dog Furiendly. Clicking on any adverts, sponsored or affiliate links may result in tracking your actions by using a cookie saved to your device. You can read more about cookies in the section above.

Your actions are usually recorded as a referral from our website by this cookie. In most cases we earn a very small commission from the advertiser or advertising partner, at no cost to you, whether you make a purchase on their website or not.

We use advertising partners in these ways to help generate an income from the website, which allows us to continue our work and provide you with the best overall experience and valued information.

If you have any concerns about this we suggest you do not click on any adverts, sponsored or affiliate links found throughout the website.

Any purchases made via affiliate links are managed outside of Dog Furiendly and any complaints or queries about these products should be directed at the company producing and selling the product or service.

• We design our systems with your security and privacy in mind.
• We work to protect your data by using SSL software, which encrypts information you input. We also use firewalls, physical access controls, information and authorization access controls, and other technical and organizational measures to provide reasonable protection for your data against loss, misuse, unauthorized access, disclosure, and alteration. 
• We follow the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) when handling credit card data.

7. HOW WE PROTECT YOUR INFORMATION

No method of transmission over the Internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100% secure. Although we are committed to protecting personal data by all means, so that you can feel confident about using Dog Furiendly, we cannot guarantee the security or integrity of any personal information which is transferred from you or to you via the Internet.

We have implemented the appropriate measures to protect any personal data you provide to us against unauthorised or unlawful access, use of disclosure and against accidental loss, damage, alteration or destruction. For example, access to personal data will be strictly limited to a minimum number of individuals and subject to confidentiality commitments.

We may a secure payment service such as PayPal and/or Stripe when you make a payment for an event or service. No payment details are stored on our website. The online payment systems we use are is Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard compliant.

Our website uses encryption when transmitting any sensitive data between systems, such as login credentials and credit card information, we encrypt the transmission of that information in transit and storage using secure socket layer technology (SSL). 

8. HOW TO COMPLAIN

• If you are not happy with our privacy policy or if have any complaint then you should tell us by email. Our address is [email protected]
• If a dispute is not settled then we hope you will agree to attempt to resolve it by engaging in good faith with us in a process of mediation or arbitration.
• If you are in any way dissatisfied about how we process your personal information, you have a right to lodge a complaint with the Information Commissioner’s Office. This can be done at https://ico.org.uk/concerns/

9. OTHER MATTERS

External Links

Our website may include links to third party websites. If you access another website from a link provided on our website, then those websites may collect information about you. This will be used in accordance with their own privacy policy. We do not control these third-party websites, not their privacy policies and we recommend that you read those policies to understand their procedures for collecting, using and disclosing personal data.

Use of site by children

• We do not sell products or provide services for purchase by children, nor do we market to children.
• If a person whom we know is under 13 years of age sends us personal data, we will delete or destroy this information as soon as reasonably possible.
• If a person is between the ages of 13-18, they are allowed to use the website with the consent of a parent or guardian.
• We collect data about all users of and visitors to these areas regardless of age, and we anticipate that some of those users and visitors will be children.
• Such child users and visitors will inevitably visit other parts of the site and will be subject to whatever on-site marketing they find, wherever they visit.

Retention period for personal data

Except as otherwise mentioned in this privacy notice, we keep your personal information only for as long as required by us:

• to provide you with the services you have requested;
• to comply with other law, including for the period demanded by our tax authorities;
• to support a claim or defence in court.